CORAL reefs in Terengganu, like everywhere else, are in crisis. And, the threats to this underwater rainforest come mainly from man-made causes such as pollution and climate change. The disappearance of coral reefs will affect the biodiversity of species, especially fish and crustaceans that depend on them for survival. One report estimates the destruction of some 70 per cent of the world’s coral reefs by 2050 if destructive human activities continue at the present rate.
Divers who frequent dive sites in Pulau Redang, Pulau Perhentian and Pulau Kapas have witnessed coral bleaching caused by rising ocean temperatures as a result of global warming. Some of these sites have mass presence of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), a species of starfish which devours the polyps of hard corals. The dead corals turn white and eventually break up on the ocean floor.
Inexperienced divers, too, are hastening the corals’ quick destruction. Instead of respectfully staying off the coral reefs, they step on the fragile creatures and hasten their death. Hard corals, too, suffer a similar fate. They are plucked off by heartless collectors and greedy traders.
Soon, Pulau Perhentian Besar and Pulau Perhentian Kecil may be devoid of hard corals, such as staghorn and Acropora.
Human ignorance is also, to some extent, contributing to the slow death of this rich underwater rainforest.
Researchers from Universiti Terengganu Malaysia have discovered that sunblock and body lotion used by swimmers and snorkellers are preventing the growth of zooxanthellae algae that give the corals their vivid colours by blocking off sunlight.
How can we stop this destruction? A multi-party, multi-pronged approach is needed if we are to ensure the sustainability of our underwater rainforest, for the state, its people and tourists.
Education is a necessary first step. We need to instil awareness in everyone of the fragility of the marine ecosystem. Coral reefs are the most diverse ecosystem and all forms of marine life make them their home. These sea creatures feed the corals reefs. Pollution from all forms of waste and waste run-off causes a sick marine environment. And a sick marine environment means dead reefs. We must learn to love the marine environment if we want to ensure our own sustainability.
The hospitality industry needs to play its part, too, by imposing a limit on visitors to the islands. No one should be allowed into waters before being briefed on the dos and don’ts. Neither professionals nor amateurs should be exempted. All diving and snorkelling must be supervised and monitored. We have tourist police on land. Perhaps, we need one, too, in water.
We need to learn how to reduce our carbon footprint. Dr James Tan, senior lecturer from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu School of Marine and Environmental Science, points out that the increase in the level of carbon dioxide causes ocean acidification and abnormal increase of seawater temperature, which in turn results in mass bleaching. Terengganu had witnessed this in 1997, 2010 and last year. Tan suggests zoning to protect the coral reefs as is the practice in Australia to protect the Great Barrier Reef. Perhaps, some areas can be opened for water activities, some as scientific zones and some totally sealed off to prevent human encroachment. This provides a way for the authorities to better manage their resources and patrolling efforts.
Coral farming is also another way to replenish the dead coral reefs. A group of divers has pioneered such farms near Pulau Bidong. The farms are now being used as “schools” to educate divers and snorkellers, and other enthusiasts on the need to preserve the marine environment for our own survival.
The writer is NST’s specialist writer based in Terengganu. He is an environmentalist and enjoys capturing the beauty of flora and fauna in its fragile environment. He draws his inspiration from cross county drives on and off-road adventures