WHEN confronting a challenging problem, it's sometimes useful to listen to someone who looks at it from a different angle. I found it fascinating to talk about the rise of populism and nativism with Bono last weekend. The Irish singer-activist-philanthropist sees the same forces that we all do, particularly in Europe, but he zeroes in on something essential. The only way to counter the pessimistic vision being peddled by nationalists and extremists, says Bono, is to have a positive vision.
Homing in on the trouble in his part of the world, he said, “Europe needs to go from being seen as a bore, a bureaucracy, a technical project, to being a grand, inspiring idea”.
To that end, Bono's band U2 has been choosing a moment during its concerts to unfurl the flag of the European Union. “Europe is a thought that needs to become a feeling”, Bono writes in a recent op-ed in the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. He is trying to give that feeling meaning. To him, Europe is about the ability of countries that were once warring to live in peace. “That idea of Europe deserves songs written about it, and bright blue flags to be waved about.”
Bono admits that Europe is a “hard sell” today. The continent is ablaze with populism. These forces have taken control in Hungary, Poland and Italy and are steadily gaining ground in countries from Germany to Sweden. It seems everywhere is the same: hostility toward strangers, foreigners, anyone who is different.
In April, NPR’s Joanna Kakissis reported on a Hungarian sociologist, Endre Sik, who had polled Hungarians about allowing asylum seekers into the country. He found strong resistance to accepting particular groups such as Romanians, Chinese and Arabs.
He then decided to ask about the “Pirezians”, a fictional ethnic group of Sik's own creation, yet Hungarians roundly refused to take them in. Sik said: “The Hungarian form of xenophobia is the classic form: ‘They are different, we don't know them, therefore we hate them.’ That’s the beast in us.”
Bono’s message resonated since I had been reading Francis Fukuyama’s new book, Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Fukuyama argues that identity stems from humans’ deep-seated psychological need to be recognised as possessing dignity. In recent decades, persecuted minority groups (blacks, Hispanics, gays) have celebrated their identity — and so have working-class whites, who now feel ignored and forgotten.
Fukuyama says the answer is not to reject identity politics but to construct broad identities that can embrace others and unify different groups.
EU founders, Fukuyama argues, spent too much time building the technical aspects of the project — laws, rules, tariffs. They neglected to nurture an actual European identity, something people could believe in — for emotional and idealistic reasons.
In the American case, he says, the anti-populist forces have to create a broad identity centred on core American ideas and values. Thus, we need a much greater focus on assimilation, the celebration of American identity, and what makes us all love being American. We need to connect with people in their guts, not just in their heads.
The European challenge might seem much greater than the American one, but in fact, distrust of foreigners doesn’t necessarily mean a rejection of Europe.
Even in Poland and Hungary, where ethno-nationalist sentiments run high, support for the EU is quite high. According to the latest European Commission surveys, 71 per cent of Poles say they feel attached to the EU, more so than Germans or Spaniards, while 61 per cent of Hungarians feel attached, outstripping the French, Swedes and Belgians. The problem is, it isn’t a deep, emotional bond — they are three times more likely to feel strongly attached to their own nation.
What people in Europe and America ought to be proud of and what they should celebrate, are the remarkable achievements of diversity. “I love our differences,” writes Bono, “our dialects, our traditions, our peculiarities. And I believe they still leave room for what Churchill called an ‘enlarged patriotism’: plural allegiances, layered identities, to be Irish and European, German and European, not either/or. The word patriotism has been stolen from us by nationalists and extremists who demand uniformity.
But real patriots seek unity above homogeneity. Reaffirming that is the real European project.”
And, I would add, the American project as well.
Fareed Zakaria writes a foreign affairs column for ‘The Washington Post’. He is also the host of CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS and a contributing editor for the Atlantic