Saeed Souzangar, who runs a technology company in Teheran, is adept at navigating frequent Internet disruptions to ensure his business can keep operating, but even he has been thrown off by nationwide communications outages this month.
The death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old woman who died in custody after being arrested by the country's morality police, has triggered the biggest street protests in years, prompting a sweeping security crackdown and curbs on Internet and phones.
"This is the worst Internet shutdown we have had in three years. It's absolute chaos; nothing works," said Souzangar, 34, via a chat message.
"I can't do my job, I can't talk to my loved ones, I can't even do a simple bank transaction on my phone."
When people took to the streets on Sept 16, authorities cut off mobile data and blocked social media platforms Instagram and WhatsApp in several provinces, digital rights group Access Now said. As protests expanded, mobile Internet shutdowns spread across the country, with even the domestic Internet disrupted.
The communications minister said last week "temporary" disruptions in some places and at some hours had been resolved.
Iran was one of the countries with the highest number of Internet shutdowns last year, with authorities pulling the plug to clamp down on dissent during local elections and to hide alleged violence against protesters, human rights groups claimed.
The near-total shutdown made it hard to post images and videos of the violence, said digital rights activists.
It is part of a clear government strategy, said Amir Rashidi, director of digital rights at Texas-based Miaan Group, which supports human rights activists in Iran.
"First, they want to stop protesters from communicating with each other and second, they want to stop them from sending evidence and images of these violations to the outside world."
Around the world, Internet shutdowns have become more sophisticated, lasting longer, harming people and the economy, and targeting vulnerable groups worldwide, according to Access Now.
It recorded some 182 Internet shutdowns in 34 countries last year, up from 159 shutdowns in 29 nations the previous year.
The #KeepItOn coalition, which campaigns against outages worldwide, found that Iran had a dozen shutdowns lasting from 15 minutes to 12 days since December 2018.
When authorities shut off the Internet for 12 days during protests against fuel price increases in November 2019 — its longest nationwide shutdown to date — they hid the "true scale of killings by security forces", Amnesty International said.
Iran's domestic intranet, the National Information Network, blocks most global social media sites and messaging apps, including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Telegram and Signal, and identifies users by their phone numbers and IDs.
Authorities routinely jam signals to block all but state-approved broadcasts, and redirect users to false destinations — a process known as domain name system hijacking, digital rights campaigners said.
But, even tougher controls are in the pipeline for the nation of 84 million people.
A draft Internet protection bill proposes to limit international Internet services, criminalise the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), and put Internet infrastructure and Internet gateways under the control of the armed forces and security agencies.
For Iranians who run businesses, they are a huge headache. Fashion designer Sarah logs into a VPN before uploading pictures of her latest creations and swapping messages with potential buyers on Instagram.
Many Iranians rely on VPNs to access global sites, communicate with the outside world or hide their online identities — something that could be made a crime under the new bill.
Even now, VPNs are an imperfect workaround, and sporadic connectivity slowdowns mean users often struggle to connect.
"I have to waste hours of my time and so much energy every day just trying to connect to the Internet," said Sarah, 32, asking not to use her full name.
"Designers around the world can sell their work online easily. On days that the Internet is slow or down, I don't make a sale."
Adding to their difficulties, Iranian Internet service providers raised prices by 30 to 100 per cent earlier this year due to brisk inflation — hiking businesses' running costs and leaving many households unable to afford a connection.
"Ultimately, the aim is to control as much of the information flow as they can," Rashidi said.
"The Internet is dead in Iran."
The writer is from the Reuters news agency
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect those of the New Straits Times