Rolling crises linked to war, weather disasters and the pandemic have shaken global food systems and tipped millions into hunger and poverty.
Climate change is already playing a role, as floods, droughts and heatwaves batter harvests from Europe to Asia and threaten famine in the Horn of Africa. And, experts warn this could be just the beginning.
This issue will be in focus as never before at high-stakes United Nations climate negotiations, to be held in Egypt next month. Food production is both a key source of planet-warming emissions and highly exposed to the effects of climate change.
Some risks are slow-burning — falling yields, warming oceans, seasonal mismatches between pollinators and plants, and heat threats to farm workers. Others, like floods, could cause sudden "devastation of livelihoods and infrastructure", said Rachel Bezner Kerr, professor at Cornell University and a lead author of the UN's landmark Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on climate impacts.
These can reverberate through interwoven global supply chains, intersecting with other crises. Climate extremes and Covid-19 had already pushed food costs close to record highs early this year, when Russia invaded Ukraine, a key grain and sunflower oil exporter.
Since then, record temperatures withered crops across South Asia, the worst drought in 500 years savaged Europe's maize and olive crops, heat scorched cabbages in South Korea, and floods swamped Nigeria's rice fields.
In China, as a punishing dry spell parched the Yangtze river basin where a third of its crops are grown, authorities sent up cloud-seeding drones to try and coax rain.
Those most vulnerable are hit hardest. The UN's World Food Programme has said some 22 million people were at risk of starvation across Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia.
Globally, one person is estimated to starve to death every four seconds, nearly 200 aid groups reported in September, while a record 345 million people are suffering from acute hunger. Fifty countries are severely affected by the global food crisis.
Among them is flood-hit Pakistan, where deadly monsoon inundations engulfed vast swathes of farmland, ravaging staple crops such as rice, tomatoes and onion. Two per cent of the country's livestock perished.
In Mirpur Khas district of agricultural powerhouse Sindh province, water swallowed Akbar Rajar's cotton crop and pooled for weeks on his fields.
"We are in persistent peril," the farmer said, preparing to plant wheat in sodden ground. Up to nine million people could be dragged into poverty by the disaster, the World Bank said.
Changes to global food systems in recent decades mean countries rely less on stocks of staple crops, with about a third of food and agricultural production now traded internationally.
"That is cost-effective when things go well, but is highly vulnerable to major shocks," said Elizabeth Robinson, who leads the Grantham Research Institute at the London School of Economics.
"Who gets harmed? You're looking at countries where people spend a lot of money on food, where countries are highly dependent on imports."
Shocks can lead to export restrictions, like those imposed by India this year when its wheat harvest was hit by the heat wave.
Importers have been hammered by surging energy and transport costs and a strong United States dollar, while the UN Conference on Trade and Development has warned of "betting frenzies" in commodities markets.
Fertiliser prices have surged, raising concerns for future harvests. The last time the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation's food price index was this high was in 2008, when a global food crisis drove riots and instability in countries across the world.
So, what should be on the table at the Egypt climate talks? One answer is money, particularly for smallholder farmers on the climate change and food insecurity "frontlines", said Claire McConnell of think tank E3G.
Just two per cent of climate finance reaches them, she said. Another is emissions cuts. Food production will become "impossible" in some regions, and both hunger and malnutrition will deepen if warming continues its current trajectory, the IPCC has said.
People in richer nations could cut their meat consumption to reduce the grain needed to feed livestock, while nations everywhere could consider broadening their taste for staples beyond rice, maize, wheat and potatoes.
Diversifying crops and using more drought- or flood-resilient strains could also help farmers improve soils and spread risk. But such solutions have limits.
"How can you produce a crop that, even after being blown away and submerged in water for a few days, is still resistant?" said Nabeel Munir, Pakistan ambassador to Seoul. -AFP
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect those of the New Straits Times