WHEN Indonesian housewife Suharti was returning home from a shopping trip, a gathering of political party workers handed her 100,000 rupiah and a T-shirt — and asked her to vote for their candidate next week.
"They told me to vote for this certain candidate but I still don't know who I'm going to vote for," the 53-year-old said.
"Once I'm inside the voting booth, I'll vote according to what my heart tells me to."
Voters, candidates and campaign volunteers have said they saw free goodies and envelopes stuffed with cash being handed out ahead of the Feb 14 presidential, parliamentary and regional polls.
About 205 million Indonesians are registered to vote in the world's third-biggest democracy, and the country's election monitoring body, Bawaslu, has urged people to report any vote-buying.
But corruption remains a problem, and Transparency International in its 2023 report said the country's anti-graft commission had been "severely disempowered".
Parliament is widely viewed as one of Indonesia's most graft-hit institutions, and the Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) monitor says at least 56 candidates previously convicted of graft are running for seats in this year's legislative vote.
One man who only gave his name as Andri said he had been asked by several candidates running for a seat in Parliament for help distributing money and groceries to lure voters.
He said he had been approached because of his role in a Jakarta football fan club. He accepted the task.
"I usually started (distributing money) to people closest to me first, and then to people in my neighbourhood," the 37-year-old said.
"I distributed hundreds or even thousands of envelopes, depending on how much the candidates gave me."
Despite warnings from official bodies that bribes are illegal, the practice persists.
"It still happens because our regulations provide loopholes and law enforcement is not comprehensive enough," ICW researcher Seira Tamara said.
Election frontrunner Prabowo Subianto has openly addressed the issue, urging people to take gifts but vote for their favourite candidate.
"If somebody promises you money, just accept it, that's your money, the people's money. But vote according to your heart," he recently told supporters.
Violations start at the recruitment stage, where candidates must spend to earn their candidacy, said Tamara.
One woman who ran for a seat in Parliament in 2019, on condition of anonymity, said she spent 250 million rupiah to buy votes, but still lost.
"Now I am changing my method, I visit houses door-to-door and promote myself and my programmes," she said.
Andri of the football fan club said out of several candidates he helped in 2019, only one won and entered Parliament.
"It is not effective in my opinion, definitely not a guarantee you will win," he said.
"You don't know who they are going to vote inside the polling booth."
Vote-buying and accepting cash both perpetuate corruption regardless of who wins, with advertising and bribery costs encouraging candidates to return favours once elected.
"This is a vicious cycle," Tamara said. "The policies they make after... will not be for the public interest, but for the interest of their investors."
"As long as there are people willing to accept the money", vote-buying will persist, she said.
Ukon Furkon Sukanda, a 39-year-old legislative candidate, is optimistic younger voters will be harder to bribe.
"People who vote in exchange for money will slowly disappear and be replaced. It will become a contest of ideas," he said.
The writer is from Agence France-Presse