THE word 'circus' is also used in a phrase, "bread and circuses" (from 'panem et circenses' in Latin), attributed to the Roman poet Juvenal.
It refers to a strategy used by politicians to maintain the favour of the people: they focus on superficial or trivial concerns rather than address real and substantial issues.
The "bread and circuses" concept is also used to distract public attention from crucial issues or to manipulate their perspectives.
During times of political turmoil or controversy, for instance, sensationalism and celebrity gossip often dominate headlines, drawing the focus from profound political or socioeconomic debates.
Other tactics to distract the public from the main issue are routinely employed. Someone would throw a red herring into the conversation, for example.
It's a way of making something seem important when, in reality, it doesn't contribute to the core discussion.
For example, during a debate on climate change, a person starts discussing the personal life of a scientist and completely ignores the scientific evidence that's presented.
Another approach is "argumentum ad hominem", attacking the person instead of addressing his argument. For instance, in a debate about healthcare, a person attacks the opponent's character, saying, "You can't trust him, he has a history of personal problems".
This avoids the issue at hand, and thus undermines the focus on the proposed policies.
Similarly, "argumentum ad populum" appeals to popular beliefs or opinions to validate an argument. Evidence is not provided.
For instance, stating "everyone thinks this, so it must be true" relies on the idea that a widespread belief makes something true.
These fallacies are not merely abstract, but also tools to influence and manipulate public opinion and action.
Adopting a critical mindset is crucial in navigating the deluge of information and rhetoric in today's sociopolitical landscape.
By recognising these fallacies and their manifestations, individuals can make informed decisions and not be swayed by emotionally charged appeals.
The writer is an associate professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya and may be reached at nahrizuladib@um.edu.my